Concrete Roads a sustainable solution

CONTENTS
1 Introduction Introduction 3
2 Environmental aspects Environmental aspects 3
2.1 Carbon footprint and life-cycle assessment 4
2.1.1 Concrete and asphalt pavements compared 4
2.2 Fuel consumption, impact of pavement type 7
2.3 CO2 emissions from concrete 8
2.3.1 Cement 10
2.3.2 Cement extenders 11
2.3.3 Aggregates 11
2.3.4 Admixtures 12
2.3.5 Water 12
2.3.6 Concrete 12
2.4 Other eco-friendly benefits of concrete pavements 13
2.4.1 Permeable pavements 13
2.4.2 Pollution reduction 13
2.4.3 CO2 uptake by concrete 13
2.4.4 Absence of hazardous leaching products 14
2.4.5 Locally available material 14
2.4.6 Recyclability 14
2.4.7 Light reflection and heat island effects 14
3 Economic aspects 16
3.1 Lifetime – maintenance – life-cycle cost analysis 16
3.2 Performance 18
3.3 Cost of lighting 18
3.4 Price stability 19
3.5 The significance of completion between the different types of pavement 19
4 Social aspects 20
4.1 Labour-intensive construction 20
4.2 Less traffic congestion 20
4.3 Ride comfort 21
4.4 Safety 22
4.4.1 Skid resistance 22
4.4.2 Wet weather driving 22
4.4.3 Hazard warning 23
4.5 Noise 23
4.5.1 Barriers 23
4.5.2 Separation 24
4.5.3 Pavement texture 24
5 Conclusion 26