Contaminants of Emerging Environmental Concern –

Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background 1 2
1.2 Types of CoEECs 3
1.3 Future Challenges 3

Chapter 2 Analytical Methods for Environmental Samples 7
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Sample Handling, Preparation, Extraction, and Clean-up 10
2.3 Sample Analysis 24
2.4 Conclusion 49

Chapter 3 Pharmaceuticals 56
3.1 Introduction 56
3.2 Properties 59
3.3 Occurrence and Behaviour in Natural Systems 63
3.4 Fate and Transformation in Engineered Systems 69
3.5 Conclusion 79

Chapter 4 Personal Care Products 86
4.1 Introduction 86
4.2 Properties 88
4.3 Occurrence and Behaviour in Natural Systems 107
4.4 Fate and Transformation in Engineered Systems 118
4.5 Conclusion 127

Chapter 5 Antimicrobials and Antibiotics 141
5.1 Introduction 141
5.2 Properties of Common Antibiotics 143
5.3 Incomplete Metabolism of Antibiotics 152
5.4 Occurrence and Behaviour in Natural Systems 153
5.5 Fate and Transformation in Engineered Systems 165
5.6 Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria 170
5.7 Conclusion 175

Chapter 6 Hormones 186
6.1 Introduction 186
6.2 Properties and Structure of Common Hormones 187
6.3 Sources of Androgens and Estrogens 190
6.4 Fate and behaviour in Natural Systems 195
6.5 Fate of Livestock Waste Estrogens in Engineered Systems 198
6.6 Fate of Estrogens in Septic Tanks and Sewer Lines 203
6.7 Fate of Estrogens in Municipal Sewage Treatment Systems 204
6.8 Conclusion 222

Chapter 7 Phthalate Plasticizers and Degradation Products 235
7.1 Introduction 235
7.2 Background 236
7.3 General Health Issues 238
7.4 Degradation of Toxic Intermediates 242
7.5 Fate in the Environment 245
7.6 Fate in Wastewater Treatment Plants 259
7.7 Fate in Drinking Water and Reuse Water 268
7.8 Conclusion 269

Chapter 8 Surfactants 279
8.1 Introduction 279
8.2 LAS and APEO Surfactants 280
8.3 Occurrence and Behaviour in Natural Systems 284
8.4 Fate and Transformation in Engineered Systems 289
8.5 Regulations 307
8.6 Conclusions 308

Chapter 9 Brominated Fire Retardants 315
9.1 Introduction 315
9.2 General Information on BFRs 316
9.3 Occurrence and Behaviour in Natural Systems 321
9.4 Fate and Transformation in Engineered Systems 331
9.5 Issues Related to Regulation, Policy and Future Actions 334
9.6 Conclusion

Chapter 10 Pesticides 343
10.1 Introduction 343
10.2 Physical and Chemical Properties 346
10.3 Occurrence and Behaviour in Natural Systems 367
10.4 Fate and Transformation in Engineered Systems 381
10.5 Considerations for Pesticide Application and Pollution Control 395
10.6 Conclusion 401

Chapter 11 Nanoparticles 416
11.1 Introduction 416
11.2 Classification of Nanomaterials 419
11.3 Fate of Nanomaterials in Air, Water and Soil 423
11.4 Health Effects 427
11.5 Regulations 434
11.6 Socioeconomic Issues 436
11.7 Conclusion 437

Chapter 12 Molecular Biology Techniques for CoEEC Degrading Organisms 446
12.1 Introduction 446
12.2 CoEEC Degrading Microbes and Their Genes 450
12.3 Molecular Biology Techniques 451
12.4 Detection of CoEEC Degraders 456
12.5 Conclusion 465

Editor Biographies 481

Index 484