Earthquake Design Practice for Buildings – Third Edition

Contents Introduction to the third edition ix
Preface xi
Foreword xiii
Acknowledgements xv
Notation xvii
1 The nature of earthquake risk 1
1.1 Introduction: technical solutions are not sufficient 1
1.2 Why earthquakes are different 1
1.3 How the toll from earthquakes varies between
societies 2
1.4 Preparing for earthquakes 3
1.5 when the earthquake strikes 5
1.6 Reconstruction and recovery 7
1.7 An appropriate response to the earthquake
threat 8
1.8 Creating earthquake-resilient communities 8
References 10
2 Earthquake hazard 11
2.1 The hazards that earthquakes give rise to 11
2.2 Earthquake basics 12
2.3 Earthquake probability and return periods 15
2.4 Performance objectives under earthquake
loading 16
2.5 Representation of ground motion 17
2.6 Site effects 22
2.7 Quantifying the risk from earthquakes 24
2.8 Design earthquake motions 28
References 30
3 The calculation of structural response 33
3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 Basic principles of seismic analysis 34
3.3 Linear response spectrum analysis 39
3.4 Non-linear response to earthquakes 49
3.5 Analysis for capacity design 58
3.6 Other considerations for a seismic analysis 60
3.7 Seismic analysis of buildings 62
3.8 Displacement-based design 73
References 80
4 Analysis of soils and soil-structure interaction 83
4.1 Soil properties for seismic design 83
4.2 Liquefaction 87
4.3 Site-specific seismic hazards 96
4.4 Soil-structure interaction 99
References 100
5 Initial planning considerations 103
5.1 The lessons from earthquake damage 103
5.2 Design and performance objectives 104
5.3 Anatomy of a building 105
5.4 Planning considerations 106
5.5 Structural systems 112
5.6 Cost of providing seismic resistance 132
References 134
6 Seismic codes of practice 137
6.1 Role of seismic codes in design 137
6.2 Development of codes 138
6.3 International seismic codes 139
6.4 Design and performance objectives 139
6.5 Code requirements for analysis 140
6.6 Code requirements for strength 143
6.7 Code requirements for deflection 144
6.8 Load combinations 144
6.9 Code requirements for detailing 145
6.10 Code requirements for foundations 145
6.11 Code requirements for non-structural
elements and building contents 146
6.12 Other considerations 146
6.13 Guidance material 147
References 147
7 Foundations 149
7.1 Design objectives 149
7.2 ‘Capacity design’ considerations for
Foundations 150
7.3 Safety factors for seismic design of
Foundations 151
7.4 Pad and strip foundations 152
7.5 Raft foundations 154
7.6 Piled foundations 155
7.7 Retaining structures 158
7.8 Design in the presence of liquefiable soils 160
References 161
8 Reinforced concrete design 163
8.1 Lessons from earthquake damage 163
8.2 Behaviour of reinforced concrete under cyclic
loading 169
8.3 Material specification 184
8.4 Analysis of reinforced concrete structures 185
8.5 Design of concrete building structures 202
References 224
9 Steelwork design 227
9.1 Introduction 227
9.2 Lessons learned from earthquake damage 228
9.3 The behaviour of steelwork members under
cyclic loading 231
9.4 Materials specification 238
9.5 Analysis of steelwork structures 239
9.6 Design of steel building structures 240
9.7 Steel concrete composite structures 251
References 252
10 Masonry 255
10.1 Introduction 255
10.2 Forms of masonry construction 256
10.3 Lessons from earthquake damage 261
10.4 Designing masonry buildings for seismic
resistance 264
10.5 Analysis of masonry structures 268
10.6 Simple rules for masonry buildings 269
References 271
11 Timber 273
11.1 Introduction 273
11.2 Lessons learnt from earthquake damage 273
11.3 Characteristics of timber as a seismic-resisting
building material 275
11.4 Design of timber structures 276
References 281
12 Building contents 283
12.1 Introduction 283
12.2 Analysis and design of non-structural elements
for seismic resistance 284
12.3 Electrical, mechanical and other equipment 291
12.4 Vertical and horizontal services 291
12.5 Cladding 292
References 292
13 Seismic isolation 295
13.1 Introduction 295
13.2 Performance of seismically isolated buildings
in earthquakes 300
13.3 Seismic isolation systems 301
13.4 Design considerations 306
13.5 Analysis of seismic isolation systems 307
13.6 European and US standards for seismically
isolated buildings 312
References 313
14 Assessment and strengthening of existing
buildings 315
14.1 Introduction 315
14.2 Performance of strengthened buildings in
earthquakes 317
14.3 Design strategies for strengthening 320
14.4 Surveying the seismic adequacy of existing
buildings 322
14.5 Analysis methods 324
14.6 Methods of strengthening 325
14.7 Special considerations for strengthening
earthquake-damaged buildings 329
14.8 Upgrading of historic buildings 330
14.9 Assessment of large groups of buildings 331
References 331
Index 335