ICE manual of highway design and management

Contents

Preface xiii

List of contributors XV

SECTION 1: Financial, legal and contractual framework 1

Section Editor: Robert N. Hunter

Chapter 1: Highway Legislation: England and Wales 3

T. Patel and R. Pearson

Introduction 3

Part 1. Highway authorities and agreements between authorities (sections 1 -9) 4

Part II. Trunk roads, classified roads, metropolitan roads, special roads (sections 10-23) 4

Part III. Creation of highways (sections 24-35) 5

Part IV. Maintenance of highways (sections 36-61) 6

Part V. Improvements of highways (sections 62-105) 7

Part V A. Environmental impact assessments (sections 105 A-D) 8

Part VI. Construction of bridges over and tunnels under navigable waters and diversions etc. of watercourses (sections 106-111) 8

Part VII. Provision of special facilities for highways (sections 112-115) 8

Part VII A. Provision of amenities on certain highways 8

Part VIII. Stopping up and diversion of a highway and stopping up of means of access to a highway (sections 116-129) 8

Part IX. Lawful and unlawful interfaces with highways and streets (sections 130-185) 8

Part X. New streets (sections 186-202) 9

Part XI. Making up of private streets (sections 203-237) 9

Part XII. Acquisition, vesting and transfer of land etc. (sections 238-271 ) 10

Part XIII. Financial provision (sections 272-281) 10

Part XIV. Miscellaneous and supplementary provisions (sections 282-345) 10

References 11

Chapter 2: Highway Legislation: Scotland 13

J. R. Edgar

Introduction 13

Part I: Public roads 14

Part II: Private roads 14

Part III: New roads 14

Part IV: Improvements and maintenance 14

Part V: Roads and building control 15

Part VI: Access and stopping up 15

Part VII: Bridges, tunnels and diversion of water 15

Part VIII: Interference and damage 15

Part IX: Acquisition, transfer, vesting and compensation 16

Part X: Miscellaneous 16

Part XI: Offences 16

Part XII: Statutory undertakers 16

Part XIII: General 17

Schedule 1: Procedures for making or confirming certain orders and schemes 17

Schedule 2: Validity and date of operation of certain orders and schemes 17

Schedule 3: Classes of traffic for purposes of special roads 17

Schedule 4; Procedure for determination by roads authority of certain questions in connection with cattle-grids 17

Schedule 5: Distance limits from public road for purposes of

compulsory acquisition 17

Schedule 6: Special transitional provisions for trunk roads 17

Schedule 7: Restricted roads 17

Schedule 8: Penalties for offences 17

Schedule 9: Minor and consequential amendments 18

Schedule 10: Transitional provisions and savings 18

Schedule 11: Repeals 18

Chapter 3: Highway Legislation: Northern Ireland 19

G. Anketell

Introduction 19

Primary legislation 19

The Roads (Northern Ireland) Order 1993 20

Part I: Introduction 20

Part II: Construction, maintenance and improvement of roads 20

Part III: Special roads 20

Part IV: Improvement and safety of roads 20

Part V: Environmental assessment 21

Part VI: Abandonments and stopping up of roads and private accesses 21

Part VII: Lawful and unlawful interference with roads 21

Part VIII: Road ferries 21

Part IX: Powers of the Department in relation to land 21

Part X: Miscellaneous and supplementary provisions 21

The Schedules 21

The Private Streets (Northern Ireland) Order 1980 (as amended by The Private Streets (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Order 1992) 22

Part I: Introduction 22

Part II: Laying out and construction of streets 22

Part III: Adoption of private streets as public roads 22

Part IV: Making up of private streets 22

Part V: Prior provision for expenses of street works in private streets 22

Part VI: Miscellaneous 23

References 23

Chapter 4: Public procurement 25

J. McRone Introduction 25

Background and legal framework 25

When do the regulations apply? 25

What must be done to comply with the rules: the procurement process 27

What are the consequences of a failure to comply with the procurement rules? 34

References 35

Chapter 5: Funding the Highways Agency: estimates, funding,

monitoring 37

P. Stiverson

Introduction 37

Central government organisation funding 37

Government agencies 38

Aim and objectives of the Highways Agency 38

The Highways Agency: roles, responsibilities and governance 39

The Highways Agency: business planning framework business plans 41

The Highways Agency: financial and investment arrangements 42

References 43

Chapter 6: Major highway scheme finance 45

J. Farmer

Introduction 45

Basic accounting definitions 45

Highways Agency schemes funding 45

Local authority schemes funding 46

Developer funding 47

Community infrastructure levy (CIL) 47

Direct local authority funding 47

Practical funding considerations for promoters 47

References 48

Chapter 7: Highway capital maintenance 49

M. Sutch

Introduction 49

Block allocations 49

Highway capital maintenance funding 49

2010/11 allocations levels 50

Future funding levels 50

References 50

Chapter 8: Revenue funding for maintenance activities 51

T Oakley

Background to revenue funding 51

The formula grant 51

Calculation of the highway maintenance element of the formula grant 53

Calculation of the capital financing element of the formula grant 53

Sources of further information 53

Chapter 9: Forms of contract for highway construction

projects 55

M. O’Reilly

Introduction 55

Introduction to highway construction contracts 55

The use and importance of contracts in construction 55

Types and features of highway contracts 56

Statutory controls and impact 56

Tendering practice 57

Documents forming part of the construction contract 57

The applicable law of the contract 58

Selection of the conditions of contract in practice 58

The ICE conditions of contract, 7th edition 58

The Engineering and Construction Contract 3rd Edition (NEC3) 60

References 62

Chapter 10: National specification and design documents 63

R. N. Hunter

Introduction 63

Design manual for roads and bridges 64

Interim Advice Notes 67

Manual of contract documents for highway works 67

References 69

Annex A: Design Manual for Roads and Bridges 70

Annex B: Manual of Contract Documents for Highway Works 78

Chapter 11: Local specifications and design documents 83

I. D. Walsh

Introduction 83

Local specifications 83

Local modifications to the specification for highway works 84

Local design documents 85

References 85

Chapter 12: European Standards for products 87

I. D. Walsh

Introduction 87

Mandates and essential requirements 88

The contents of a European Standard 90

Durability 91

National guidance 91

How Standards are produced 91

Quality assurance under a European Standard 93

Quality assurance and quality 94

References 94

SECTION 2: Transport planning 97

Section Editor: Leslie C. Darrall

Chapter 13: Introduction to policy and practice 99

L. C. Darrall

Introduction 99

The Strategic Planning Framework 99

Roles and responsibilities 100

Policies, plans and programmes 100

Appraisal of transport plans 101

Highway scheme planning and implementation 102

Impending changes to the planning system in England 106

References 106

Chapter 14: Existing conditions and data 107

M.J. Yeadon

Introduction 107

Existing conditions and data 107

Types of survey 107

Developing the scope of surveys 108

Sources of existing information 108

Bespoke surveys 111

Traffic-related surveys for economic appraisal 112

Traffic-related surveys for environmental appraisal 112

Summary 113

References 113

Chapter 15: Characteristics of transport and travel 115

M. J. Yeadon

Introduction 115

General trends in transport and travel 115

Private car travel 117

Freight traffic 119

Road traffic safety 120

Transport and travel choices 120

Summary 122

References 122

Chapter 16: Estimating transport demand 123

L. C. Darrall

Introduction 123

Choice of modelling approach 123

Demand models 124

Types of models 126

References 129

Chapter 17: Traffic models for highway schemes 131

L. C. Darrall

Introduction 131

Multi-stage models 131

Road traffic assignment models 134

Microsimulation models 137

Model calibration and validation 137

References 138

Chapter 18: Forecasting future conditions 139

L. C. Darrall

Introduction 139

Principles of forecasting 139

Future year forecasts 140

Traffic forecasts for use in scheme appraisal 142

References 142

Chapter 19: Scheme appraisal 143

J. H. Barlow

Introduction 143

National objectives for transport 143

Local and regional objectives 144

Improvements to identified problems 144

Other issues 144

Appraisal methodology 145

The Brief 145

Description of existing conditions 145

Planning factors 145

Description of scheme options 145

Traffic assessment 145

Cost estimates 146

Safety assessment 146

Economic assessment 146

Environmental assessment 146

Operational assessment 147

Appraisal Summary Tables (ASTs) 147

Implementation programme 148

Conclusions 148

References 148

Chapter 20: Public consultation 149

J. H. Barlow

Introduction 149

The Government’s Code of Practice 149

Types of public consultation 150

The consultation process 150

Planning the consultation 150

Targeting the audience 150

Engaging consultees – the exhibition 150

Engaging consultees – the questionnaire 151

Engaging consultees – focus groups 153

The Public Consultation Report 153

Feedback 154

The outcome – influencing decision-makers 154

References 154

SECTION 3: Traffic engineering 155

Section Editor: Paul Matthews

Chapter 21: Introduction, history, definition 157

P. Matthews

The history of traffic and its management 157

Chapter 22: Traffic engineering legislation 159

P. Matthews

Introduction 159

Current legislation 159

References 160

Chapter 23: Traditional traffic management 163

C. Whitehead

Introduction 163

Site data collection 163

Junction control methods 163

Pedestrian crossings 165

Road markings and traffic signs 166

Vehicle movement restrictions 168

Parking and loading restrictions 169

References 169

Chapter 24: Capacity analysis 171

A. Green, R Landreth and N. Robinson

Introduction 171

Junction types and their capacity 171

Modelling the capacity of individual junctions 173

Junction modelling software 174

Networks 174

Network modelling software 175

Micro-simulation 175

Micro-simulation software 176

Conclusion 176

References 177

Chapter 25: Highway layout and junction design 179

K. Buchholtz

Introduction 179

Design speed 181

Stopping sight distance (SSD) 181

Horizontal alignment 181

Vertical alignment 182

Minor access onto trunk roads 185

Major/minor priority junctions (TA 42/95 and TD 41/95) 185

Roundabouts 186

Grade separation 188

Signalised junctions and roundabouts 189

Conclusion 191

References 191

Chapter 26: Vehicle parking, waiting and loading 193

M. Slinn

On-street parking 193

Off-street parking 195

Special users 198

Parking management 200

Credits 203

References 203

Chapter 27: Modern traffic management 205

J. Emslie and G. Higgs

Approach 205

Techniques 206

Application 208

Design considerations 208

References 210

Chapter 28: Assisting public transport 211

P. Matthews

Introduction 211

Road-based public transport 211

Traffic management measures 212

Parking management measures 212

Bus lanes: with flow 212

Bus lanes: contraflow 214

Bus-only streets and bus-ways 214

Traffic signal control 214

Bus stop infrastructure 216

Bus priority: consideration of other road users 218

Evaluation of bus priority measures 219

References 219

Chapter 29: Road safety engineering 221

P. Matthews

Introduction 221

Accidents 221

Causes of crashes 221

Contribution and consequences of speeding 222

Types of crashes (accidents) 222

Accident data collection 222

Road safety plans 224

Road safety engineering 224

Accident remedial schemes: process 224

Detailed site analysis 226

Accident remedial measures 228

Measuring the effectiveness of accident remedial schemes 228

Road safety audits 230

References 232

Chapter 30: Intelligent transport systems 233

K. Huddart and A. Carter

Introduction 233

ITS and the ICE manual of highway design and management 233

Travel and traveller information 234

Network management – urban 236

Junction and network performance 236

Network management – interurban 237

Road user charging, congestion charging and electronic toll systems 239

Road safety 240

Driver assistance 241

Public transport travel information 243

Future ITS 243

European ITS Directive 243

References 244

SECTION 4: Highway design principles and practice 247

Section Editor: Ian D. Walsh

Chapter 31: Highway design principles and practice:

an introduction 249

I. D. Walsh

Background 249

The design process 250

Conclusions 252

References 252

Chapter 32: Site investigation and foundation design 253

I. R. Payne

Introduction 253

Stages of site investigation 253

Groundwater and drainage 264

Slope stability 264

Embankment fills 266

Road pavement subgrade 267

Ground movement and subsidence 268

Foundation design for structures 270

References 270

Chapter 33: Geometric design 273

M. Westlake

Introduction 273

Basic philosophy: the information 273

Geometry issues 273

Junction design 278

Highway features 279

A practical design 279

References 283

Chapter 34: Drainage design 285

S. Young

Introduction 285

Elements of a road drainage system 285

Initial design stages 292

Network analysis 297

Design of pollution control and flood prevention measures 298

Design of other elements 299

Design deliverables 302

DMRB advice and guidelines 303

References 303

Chapter 35: Private developer projects 305

F Murray, A. Moore and T. Hydes

Introduction 305

The Highways Act and Approvals 306

Planning policy 309

Car parking 311

Shared spaces 312

User requirements 314

Highway design (or Design) 315

References 322

Chapter 36: Pavement design (highways) 325

I. D. Walsh

Introduction 325

Foundation support 328

Traffic loading 335

Structural layer design – flexible pavements 338

Structural layer design – composite pavements 342

Design for maintenance 343

Selection of materials types 344

References 350

Chapter 37: Pavement design (highways rigid) 353

G. Griffiths

Introduction 353

Typical concrete pavement types 354

Detailing concrete pavements 359

Fibre-reinforced concrete 360

The surface finish 360

Slip membranes 361

Slip-road detailing 361

Transition slabs 361

Pavement anchorages 362

Joint design and detailing 362

Design methods 363

Deterioration mechanisms and site construction problems 364

Construction methods 366

Concluding remarks 370

Acknowledgements 370

References 370

Chapter 38: Pavement design (ancillary usage) 371

I. D. Walsh

Industrial pavement design 371

Car parks and light access way design 373

Sports surfaces 374

Playgrounds 375

Footways and cycleways 376

Public footpaths and other public rights of way (PROW) 376

Farm roads 379

References 381

Chapter 39: Analytical pavement design 383

B. Al Hakim

Introduction 383

Development of pavement design 383

Design development in the UK 385

The AASHTO design method 386

Analytical pavement design principles 387

Pavement modelling 388

Analytical evaluation of existing pavements 391

Summary 392

References 392

Chapter 40: Unsealed highway construction 395

A. Dawson

Introduction 395

Materials 396

Performance and failure 398

Design 401

Construction 403

Maintenance 403

Environmental aspects 404

tn-situ testing 405

References 406

Chapter 41: Surface characteristics (noise) 407

I. D. Walsh

Introduction 407

Measurement of noise 407

Traffic noise generation 409

Noise reduction 411

Traffic noise mitigation and compensation 413

References 414

Chapter 42: Skid resistance 415

D. Woodward

Introduction 415

Simple definitions relating to skid resistance 415

Specification of skid resistance in the UK 415

Measurement of skid resistance 416

Skid resistance measurement and device operation 418

Skid resistance, water and surface texture 418

Skid resistance measurement devices used in the UK 418

The Wehner-Schulze Test 422

Skid resistance and type of aggregate 422

Future trends 423

Conclusions 424

References 424

Chapter 43: Sustainability 427

T. Parry

Introduction 427

Resource use, recycling and waste 428

Public transport, walking and cycling 431

Adaptation to climate change 432

Assessment systems 433

Corporate responsibility 436

References 437

Chapter 44: Environmental considerations 439

M. Glanville

Introduction/key background information on topic 439

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) 441

Environmental assets – evaluating what you have 442

Assessment of environmental effects 444

Design considerations 449

Handover and long-term management 450

References 451

SECTION 5: Highway materials and recycling 453

Section Editor: Ian D. Walsh

Chapter 45: Highway materials: an introduction 455

I. D. Walsh

Introduction 455

Foundation layers 455

Surface layers 456

Conclusion 457

References 457

Chapter 46: Unbound aggregates 459

J. McCulloch

Introduction 459

Terminology 459

Production 460

Materials and specifications 461

Testing 463

References 467

Chapter 47: Hydraulically bound mixtures for local roads 469

J. Kennedy

Introduction 469

HBM behaviour 472

Pavement design and specification 473

HBM for local authorities 477

References 479

Chapter 48: Roller compacted concrete 481

J. P. Donegan

Introduction 481

Benefits of RCC 481

Common applications of RCC 481

RCC mix proportioning 481

Mix design 482

RCC constituents 483

Quality control and test methods 483

Construction methodology 484

RCC properties 484

Conclusions 484

References 485

Chapter 49: Cold mix asphalt layers 487

I. D, Walsh

Introduction 487

Cold mix asphalt mix design for plant mixtures 487

Cold mix asphalt mixing plant manufacture and installation 488

Sustainability 490

References 490

Chapter 50: Hot mix asphalt layers 491

C. Nicholls

Introduction 491

Mixture types 491

Layers 495

Sustainability 496

Summary 499

References 499

Chapter 51: Laying asphalts 501

R. N. Hunter

Laying asphalt 501

Production and transportation of asphalts 501

Paver laid asphalt 502

Surface regularity 504

Laying chipped hot rolled asphalt surface courses 505

Weather conditions 506

Compaction of asphalts 507

Ironwork 510

Aftercare 510

Quality assurance 510

Epilogue 511

References 511

Chapter 52: Small element paving: design and construction 513

A. J. Dowson

Introduction 513

Natural stone slabs, setts and concrete flags 513

Lightly trafficked pavement design 516

Heavy duty pavement design 516

Ports and heavy duty pavement design 518

Pavement overlay design 518

Detailing and construction 518

Permeable pavements 520

Edge restraints 521

References 521

Chapter 53: Surface treatments for highways 523

J. Baxter and I. D. Walsh

Introduction 523

Bitumen binders 524

Surface dressing 524

Slurry surfacing/microsurfacing (sometimes referred to as microasphalt) 531

High friction surfacing (HFS) 534

Patching 537

Retexturing 538

Plant 540

Retread/repave 540

Stress absorbing membrane interlay (SAMI) 541

Imprinted surfaces 544

Surface preservation systems 544

The highway engineers toolbox – a concept 544

Guidance on using the highway engineer’s toolbox 545

References 545

Chapter 54: Road markings 547

K. Grant

Introduction 547

The materials 547

Application 548

Performance requirements 550

Testing and inspection methods 554

Quality control 554

Quality assurance 556

References 558

SECTION 6: Maintenance planning and techniques 559

Section Editor: Paul Jameson

Chapter 55: Introduction and scope 561

R. Elphick OBE

Introduction 561

Factors affecting maintenance 561

Balancing maintenance need and investment 563

Maintenance funding 563

Maintenance asset management systems 564

Condition assessment 566

Associated legislation 567

References 569

Chapter 56: Maintenance policies 571

S. Child

Introduction 571

Policy framework 571

The wider context 572

Network management 573

Duty or desire? 573

Asset management 573

Sustainability and highway maintenance 574

Issues to consider 574

Policy framework 575

References 575

Appendix A: Document hierarchy 577

Appendix B: Policy content 577

Chapter 57: Maintenance types 579

P. Jameson and R. Elphick OBE

Introduction 579

Cyclic maintenance 579

Planned maintenance 580

Materials 582

Design options 583

Reactive maintenance 583

Reference 584

Chapter 58: The maintenance organisation 585

P. Jameson

The basic shape of a maintenance organisation 585

Direct labour or contract 585

Contract types 586

Relationship between workforce size and winter maintenance 587

Inspection regimes 587

Training and development 588

References 589

Chapter 59: Politics and public 591

B. Thompson

Introduction 591

The political scene 591

Working with the public 592

Dealing with the media 593

References 594

Chapter 60: The involvement and impact of the utilities 595

D. Latham, I. Lancefield and R. Elphick OBE

Introduction 595

Legislation 595

The coordination process 596

Noticing rules 597

Work categories 597

Electronic transfer of notices (EToN) 597

Permits 597

Restrictions following work activities 598

Inspections 598

Penalties 598

Industry organisations 598

The impact of reinstatements on highway pavements 598

The research programme 599

Charging structures 600

Determining the cost of premature maintenance 600

Creating a charge structure 600

References 601

Chapter 61: Winter service and other weather emergencies 603

S. Child

Introduction 603

Statutory basis 603

Policy 604

Winter service objectives 604

Winter Service Plan 605

Network hierarchy and route optimisation 605

Salt bins 606

Weather prediction and information 606

Organisation and personnel 606

Facilities, vehicles and equipment 607

Salt and other de-icing materials 607

Information and publicity 608

National intervention 608

Sustainability and winter maintenance 609

Other weather emergencies 609

Issues to consider 609

References 610

Annex 1: Example of salt bin assessment 611

Annex 2: Meteorological Office definitions 612

Chapter 62: Financial management 615

P. Jameson

Funding types 615

Dividing the pot 616

Budget approval and the design process 621

Commitments, spend and target cost issues 621

SECTION 7: Asset management 625

Section Editor: John Thorp

Chapter 63: An introduction to asset management 627

J. Thorp

Introduction 627

Asset management challenges 627

References 628

Chapter 64: Starting the process of asset management 629

J. Thorp

Introduction 629

What is asset management? 629

Getting started checklist 631

Getting ‘buy-in’ and support for asset management 631

Putting the asset management foundations in place 634

Conclusions 637

References 637

Chapter 65: Levels of Service 639

J. Thorp

Introduction 639

Background 639

Some definitions of Levels of Service 641

Use of Levels of Service 641

Developing Levels of Service 642

Levels of Service recommendations 643

Levels of Service statements 643

Who are the customers and stakeholders and what are the authority objectives? 646

Relationship between Levels of Service and authority

objectives 647

Levels of Service and engineering standards 647

Suggested approach 650

Conclusions 652

Acknowledgements 652

References 652

Appendix A: Code of Practice Themes 653

Chapter 66: Valuation of the assets 655

J. Thorp

Introduction 655

The importance of transport asset management 656

The accounting approach 656

Developing and using financial information 657

Calculating depreciated replacement costs for a highway network 657

Depreciation processing and reporting requirements (DRC) 659

Developing inventory components and groupings 659

References 661

Chapter 67: Ufecycle planning 663

J. Thorp

Introduction 663

The lifecycle process 665

Objectives and policies 665

Inventory and condition data 665

Cost of maintaining each group of assets 665

Performance gaps 666

Demands and risks 666

Appendix A: Carriageway lifecycle plan 667

Acknowledgements 672

References 672

Chapter 68: Asset management strategy and risk management 673

J. Thorp

Asset management strategy 673

Investment strategy 673

Risk assessment 674

Introduction to the evaluation of risk in asset management 674

Existing guidance 675

Simple steps to get started in risk management 675

Continuing improvement in the future 675

Appendix A: Definitions 676

Appendix B: Background information 676

Acknowledgements 678

References 678

Chapter 69: Developments and conclusions 679

J. Thorp

UK Pavement Management System 679

Pnoritisation of highway works and deterioration models 679

Working the highway data 681

Taking stock and annual reviews 682

Conclusion 683

References 684

Index 685