Port designer’s handbook

Contents
Foreword xi
Preface and acknowledgements xiii
About the author xvii
1 Port planning 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Planning procedures 1
1.3 Subsurface investigations 15
1.4 Hydraulic laboratory studies 25
1.5 Life-cycle management 29
1.6 Safety management and risk assessment 29
References and further reading 32
2 Environmental forces 34
2.1 General 34
2.2 Wind 34
2.3 Waves 47
2.4 Current 61
2.5 Ice forces 69
References and further reading 72
3 Channels and harbour basins 73
3.1 Channels and waterways 73
3.2 Harbour basin 76
3.3 Anchorage areas 86
3.4 Area of refuge 89
3.5 Grounding areas 89
References and further reading 89
4 Berthing requirements 91
4.1 Operational conditions 91
4.2 Navigation 95
4.3 Tugboat assistance 103
4.4 Wind and wave restrictions 114
4.5 Ship movements 121
4.6 Traditional mooring system 130
4.7 Automatic mooring system 140
4.8 Passing ships 141
4.9 Visibility 141
4.10 Port regulations 142
4.11 Availability of berth 142
References and further reading 143
5 Impact from ships 145
5.1 General 145
5.2 The theoretical or kinetic method 145
5.3 The empirical method 153
5.4 The statistical method 153
5.5 Abnormal impacts 154
5.6 Absorption of fender forces 155
5.7 Ship ‘hanging’ on the fenders 157
References and further reading 158
6 Design considerations 159
6.1 General 159
6.2 Design life 161
6.3 Load factors 163
6.4 Material factors 164
6.5 Characteristic loads from the sea side 166
6.6 Characteristic loads on berth structures 166
6.7 Characteristic loads from the land side 169
6.8 Summary of loads acting from the sea side 170
References and further reading 171
7 Safety considerations 172
7.1 General 172
7.2 Specification safety 172
7.3 Design safety 172
7.4 Construction safety 176
7.5 Personnel safety 176
7.6 Operational safety 177
7.7 Total safety 177
References and further reading 178
8 Types of berth structures 179
8.1 General 179
8.2 Vertical loads 181
8.3 Horizontal loads 183
8.4 Factors affecting the choice of structures 189
8.5 Norwegian and international berth construction 193
References and further reading 193
9 Gravity-wall structures 195
9.1 General 195
9.2 Block wall berths 195
9.3 Caisson berths 199
9.4 Cell berths 200
References and further reading 211
10 Sheet pile wall structures 212
10.1 General 212
10.2 Driving of steel sheet piles 213
10.3 Simple anchored sheet pile wall berths 218
10.4 Solid platform berths 224
10.5 Semi-solid platform berth 228
10.6 Drainage of the steel sheet piles 228
References and further reading 229
11 Open berth structures 230
11.1 General 230
11.2 Column berths 235
11.3 Pile berths 241
11.4 Lamella berths 253
11.5 Open berth slabs 255
References and further reading 278
12 Berth details 279
12.1 General 279
12.2 Lighting 279
12.3 Electric power supply 279
12.4 Potable and raw water supply 280
12.5 Water drainage system 280
12.6 Sewage disposal 281
12.7 Oil and fuel interceptors 282
12.8 Access ladders 282
12.9 Handrails and guardrails 282
12.10 Kerbs 283
12.11 Lifesaving equipment 284
12.12 Pavements 284
12.13 Crane rails 291
References and further reading 294
13 Container terminals 295
13.1 Site location 295
13.2 Existing areas 296
13.3 Potential areas 298
13.4 Container ships 298
13.5 Terminal areas 300
13.6 Ship-to-shore crane 303
13.7 Container handling systems 310
13.8 The terminal area requirements 319
13.9 The International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS Code)
and Container Security Initiative (CSI) 326
13.10 The world’s largest container ports 332
References and further reading 333
14 Fenders 334
14.1 General 334
14.2 Fender requirements 335
14.3 Surface-protecting and energy-absorbing fenders 336
14.4 Different types of fender 341
14.5 Installation 343
14.6 Effects of fender compression 345
14.7 Properties of a fender 348
14.8 Single- and double-fender systems 353
14.9 Fender wall 356
14.10 Hull pressure 359
14.11 Spacing of fenders 360
14.12 Cost of fenders 361
14.13 Damage of fender structures 362
14.14 Calculation examples 363
14.15 Information from fender manufacturers 366
References and further reading 378
15 Erosion protection 379
15.1 General 379
15.2 Erosion due to wave action 383
15.3 Erosion due to the main propeller action 384
15.4 Erosion due to the thrusters 386
15.5 The required stone protection layer 389
15.6 Erosion protection systems 390
15.7 Operational guidelines 397
References and further reading 399
16 Steel corrosion 400
16.1 General 400
16.2 Corrosion rate 401
16.3 Corrosion protection systems 402
16.4 Astronomical low water corrosion 405
16.5 Stray current corrosion 405
References and further reading 405
17 Underwater concreting 407
17.1 General 407
17.2 Different methods of underwater concreting 407
17.3 Tremie pipe method 409
17.4 Concrete production of tremie concrete 422
17.5 AWO concrete 424
17.6 Damage during construction of new structures 428
17.7 Repairs of new concrete 431
17.8 Concrete plant and supervision 432
References and further reading 435
18 Concrete deterioration 437
18.1 General 437
18.2 Durability of concrete berth structures 438
18.3 Freezing and thawing 440
18.4 Erosion 440
18.5 Chemical deterioration 440
18.6 Corrosion of reinforcement 441
18.7 Resistivity 447
18.8 Condition survey 447
18.9 Concrete cover 449
18.10 Surface treatments 450
18.11 Condition survey 451
18.12 Overloading of the berth structure 452
18.13 In situ quality control 453
References and further reading 453
19 Concrete repair 454
19.1 General 454
19.2 Assessment 454
19.3 Maintenance manual and service inspection 455
19.4 Condition of a structure 457
19.5 Repairs of concrete 458
19.6 Repairs in Zone 1 460
19.7 Repairs in Zone 2 464
19.8 Repairs in Zone 3 468
19.9 Cathodic protection 472
19.10 Chloride extraction 476
19.11 Costs of repairs 477
References and further reading 477
20 Port maintenance 478
20.1 Responsibility for maintenance 478
20.2 Spares 478
20.3 Management information 478
20.4 Maintenance personnel 479
20.5 Plant and equipment 479
20.6 Infrastructure 481
20.7 Optimisation of design to reduce future maintenance costs 481
20.8 Maintenance management 485
20.9 Maintenance strategy 486
20.10 Inspections 487
20.11 Rating and prioritisation 488
20.12 Condition assessment ratings 489
20.13 Post-event condition ratings 490
20.14 Recommendations and follow-up actions 491
20.15 Repair prioritisation 492
20.16 Maintenance data management 492
References and further reading 493
21 Ship dimensions 494
21.1 General 494
21.2 Ship dimensions 495
21.3 Recommended design dimensions 505
21.4 Recommendation 521
References and further reading 521
22 Definitions 522
References and further reading 535
23 Conversion factors 536
23.1 Length 536
23.2 Speed 536
23.3 Area 537
23.4 Volume 537
23.5 Weight 537
23.6 Force 537
23.7 Force per unit length 538
23.8 Force per unit area 538
23.9 Moment 538
23.10 Temperatures 538
23.11 Useful data 538

Index 539