Structural Steel Connections The Green Book

Foreword
1 Introduction and general issues 1
1.1 Purpose and target audience 1
1.2 Standards governing the design and production of
connections in South Africa 2
1.3 Further guidance for successful projects 4
1.4 Economic connections 5
1.5 Behaviour of connections 7
1.6 The Lower Bound Theorem 9
1.7 Movement joints 10
1.8 Connections and fire 11
1.9 Connections not covered 13
1.10 Issues for further thought 14
1.11 Materials 14
1.12 Organisation of the book 15
1.13 References to clauses 15
2 Bolts and bolting 17
2.1 Fasteners 17
2.1.1 Introduction 17
2.1.2 Ordinary bolts and nuts 17
2.1.3 Preloaded bolts 21
2.1.3.1 High strength friction grip bolts (HR bolts) 21
2.1.3.2 Preloaded bolts (HV bolts) 24
2.1.3.3 Notes regarding the use of HR and HV bolts 24
2.1.4 Proprietary bolts 25
2.1.5 Connections to hollow sections 27
2.1.6 Rivets 27
2.1.7 Equivalent fasteners and specifications 27
2.1.8 Holding down bolts 28
2.2 Specifying bolted connections 29
2.2.1 Specifications for workmanship 29
2.2.2 Bolt lengths and standardisation 29
2.2.3 The use of washers 31
2.2.4 Bolt holes 32
2.2.5 Precision bolting 32
2.2.6 Bolts in friction grip connections 33
2.2.7 Pre-tensioned (pre-loaded) bolts 33
2.2.8 Corrosion protection of fasteners 33
2.3 Dimensions in bolted connections 35
2.3.1 Spacing and edge distances for fasteners 35
2.3.2 Dimensions of wrenches and spanners 35
2.3.3 Guages and backmarks 38
2.4 Installing bolts 38
2.4.1 Inserting a bolt in a hole 38
2.4.2 Tightening of ordinary bolts 39
2.4.3 Tightening of bolts in friction grip or pre-loaded connections 39
2.5 Quality assurance of bolting 43
3 Design of fasteners in connections 45
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 Bolts in shear 46
3.3 Bolts in tension 48
3.3.1 Bolts without prying force 48
3.3.2 Bolted connections in tension with prying action 50
3.3.3 Other connections with bolts in tension 57
3.4 Combined shear and tension 60
3.5 Bearing of bolts on plates 61
3.6 Single lap joint with a single row of bolts 63
3.7 Friction grip joints 65
3.7.1 Friction grip joints acting only in shear 65
3.7.2 Friction grip joints in combined shear and tension 67
3.8 Eccentric loads on bolt groups 68
3.8.1 Load in the plane of the bolt group 68
3.8.2 Load out of the plane of the bolt group 70
3.9 Pins 72
3.10 Joints with screws 74
3.11 Fatigue in bolts 74
3.12 Examples 76
3.13 Tables of bolt resistances 85
4 Welds and welding 105
4.1 The process 105
4.2 Welding specifications 106
4.3 Handling and storage of low hydrogen SMAW electrodes 109
4.4 Weld positions 109
4.5 Weld descriptions 109
4.6 Preparation for groove welds 111
4.7 Minimum sizes for fillet welds without preheating 113
4.8 Preheating 113
4.9 Welding defects 114
4.10 Lamination and lamellar tearing 116
4.10.1 Laminations 116
4.10.2 Lamellar tearing 116
4.11 Non-destructive testing 117
4.12 Visual inspection 117
4.13 Appropriate non-destructive testing methods 118
4.14 Qualification of welds and procedures 118
4.15 Welding symbols 120
4.16 Specifying welding 123
4.17 Specifying non-destructive testing (NDT) for welds 123
4.18 Information to be provided by the contractor 124
4.19 Making sure the welder can see and reach the weld 124
5 Design of welds in connections 127
5.1 Introduction 127
5.2 Complete and partial joint penetration groove welds 127
5.3 Fillet welds 129
5.4 PJPG weld reinforced by a fillet weld 131
5.5 Resistance of a welded joint subject to a combination of forces 131
5.6 Eccentric loads on weld groups 133
5.6.1 General 133
5.6.2 Ultimate strength method 133
5.7 Fatigue in welded joints 134
5.8 Guidance for designers of welded structures 136
5.9 Examples 138
5.10 Resistance tables 141
6 Design of elements in connections 151
6.1 Scope of chapter 151
6.2 Failure of a plate in tension 151
6.3 Tension and shear block failure 153
6.4 The Whitmore width 156
6.5 Failure of a member under concentrated lateral force 157
6.6 Load bearing stiffeners 159
6.7 Plates in connections 162
6.8 Plates at pin connections 163
6.9 Yielding 165
6.10 Examples 166
7 Simple beam end connections 177
7.1 Introduction 177
7.2 Double angle cleat connection 183
7.3 Single angle cleat connection 195
7.4 Flexible end plate connections 197
7.5 Fin plate connections 201
7.6 Angle seat connections 205
7.7 Examples 207
7.8 Standard connections and resistance tables 221
8 Rigid beam end connections 237
8.1 Introduction 237
8.2 Welded rigid beam end connections 237
8.3 Connections with bolted end plates 243
8.4 Haunched end plate connections 249
8.5 Examples 250
8.6 Resistance tables 254
9 Structures with semi-rigid connections 261
9.1 Introduction 261
9.2 Scope of this chapter 262
9.3 Advantages and disadvantages of semi-continuous structures 263
9.4 Semi-rigid connections 263
9.5 Analysis and design of beams 264
9.6 Resistance of a connection 267
9.7 Resistance of a column 267
9.8 Examples 269
10 Splices in structural members 273
10.1 Introduction 273
10.2 Welded splices 273
10.3 Bolted shear slices in beams 275
10.4 Bolted moment splices in beams 280
10.5 Bolted column splices without bending moment 284
10.6 Bolted coliumn splices with bending moments 289
10.7 Other splices 290
10.8 Examples 292
11 Column bases and anchorage to concrete 303
11.1 General remarks on column bases 303
11.2 Cast-in or embedded elements 306
11.3 Anchoring steelwork to concrete 307
11.3.1 Holding down bolts 307
11.3.2 Studs for cast-in-elements 315
11.4 Design of printed (simple) bases 317
11.5 Design of column bases under combined compression and moment 319
11.6 Examples 325
11.7 Resistance tables 333
12 Connections for lattice structures and bracing 339
12.1 Introduction 339
12.2 Typical connections and practical details 339
12.3 Attachment of members and its effect on their resistance 347
12.3.1 Bolted connections 347
12.3.2 Welded connections 350
12.4 Nodes in trusses 352
12.5 Design of gusseted connections 354
12.6 Underfloor bracing 362
12.7 Transfer forces 364
12.8 Examples 368
12.9 Resistance tables 377
References and additional reading 387
Index 389
Connection products 394